{"ontology":"https://layer.re/machine/schema.json","epistemic_model":"evidence-backed-temporal-layer-graph","canonical":true,"type":"layer_history","layer":{"id":"layer-robotics","slug":"robotics","name":"Robotics","description":"Embodied machines, control and deployment.","machine_description":"Embodied machines, control and deployment.","active":1},"snapshots":[{"id":"state-robotics-2022q2","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2022-06-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"Robotics became newly visible in this historical slice as an integration surface for large pretrained models: semantic model knowledge could be grounded through skills, affordances and action policies in physical environments.","dependencies":["layer-research","layer-models","layer-software"],"constraints":["grounding","safety","skill coverage","real-world robustness"],"emerging_capabilities":["language-guided long-horizon task execution","generalist transformer control across embodiments"],"underdeveloped_components":["open-ended physical autonomy","durable real-world learning"],"uncertainties":["robotics itself long predates Q2; this is first material relevance to this reconstructed large-model stack, not birth of robotics"],"confidence":0.9,"previous_snapshot_id":null,"mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-01T18:14:00.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-01T19:22:17.768Z","updated_at":"2026-10-01T19:22:17.768Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2022q3","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2022-09-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"Large language models became more tightly integrated into feedback-driven planning and executable control programs for robots.","dependencies":["layer-models","layer-research","layer-software"],"constraints":["grounding","perception reliability","skill/API coverage","safety","real-world robustness"],"emerging_capabilities":["environment-feedback replanning","language-model-generated control policies","API and library composition"],"underdeveloped_components":["open-ended physical autonomy","durable autonomous learning","verified generated control code"],"uncertainties":["results remained bounded to research tasks and provided robot interfaces"],"confidence":0.92,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2022q2","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-02T15:12:29.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-02T16:08:16.260Z","updated_at":"2026-10-02T16:08:16.260Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2022q4","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2022-12-31 23:59:59.000","summary":"Robot learning in Q4 showed a clearer large-data transformer scaling path through RT-1, mapping images and natural-language instructions to real-time actions across hundreds of real-world tasks while remaining imitation-learning research.","dependencies":["layer-models","layer-research","layer-software","robot data collection"],"constraints":["robot data cost","generalization beyond seen concepts","dexterity","safety","real-time compute"],"emerging_capabilities":["large-scale language-conditioned transformer policies","heterogeneous robot-data absorption","long-horizon SayCan execution using stronger low-level policies"],"underdeveloped_components":["open-ended physical autonomy","new-motion generalization","safe human interaction"],"uncertainties":["results were bounded to research environments and provided task distributions"],"confidence":0.95,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2022q3","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-03T14:26:11.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-03T14:45:10.927Z","updated_at":"2026-10-03T14:45:10.927Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2023q2","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2023-06-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"Robotics research added iterative multi-embodiment learning in which RoboCat generated additional trajectories for later retraining.","dependencies":["layer-models","layer-research","layer-agents"],"constraints":["data collection","safe exploration","embodiment transfer"],"emerging_capabilities":["multi-embodiment adaptation","generated training trajectories"],"underdeveloped_components":["recursive autonomous improvement","open-ended autonomy"],"uncertainties":["bounded research training loop"],"confidence":0.94,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2022q4","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-07T12:55:58.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-07T14:04:48.612Z","updated_at":"2026-10-07T14:04:48.612Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2023q3","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2023-09-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"Robotics research in Q3 connected web-scale semantic representations more directly to physical action through RT-2 vision-language-action architecture, extending Q2 iterative multi-embodiment learning path.","dependencies":["layer-models","layer-research","layer-agents","robot data collection"],"constraints":["robot data","physical safety","action reliability","embodiment transfer","real-time control"],"emerging_capabilities":["vision-language-action models","web-knowledge transfer into robot control"],"underdeveloped_components":["general-purpose physical autonomy","reliable transfer across arbitrary robots","safe open-world operation"],"uncertainties":["RT-2 remained bounded research and does not establish general robot autonomy"],"confidence":0.97,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2023q2","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-07T16:04:51.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-07T16:56:16.869Z","updated_at":"2026-10-07T16:56:16.869Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2023q4","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2023-12-31 23:59:59.000","summary":"Robotics research shifted toward shared datasets and policy learning across many robot embodiments through Open X-Embodiment and RT-X.","dependencies":["layer-models","layer-research","robot data","layer-open-source"],"constraints":["embodiment heterogeneity","physical safety","dataset bias"],"emerging_capabilities":["22-embodiment shared dataset","RT-X cross-robot learning"],"underdeveloped_components":["general-purpose robot autonomy","arbitrary-embodiment transfer"],"uncertainties":["Positive transfer across selected robots is not universal embodiment generalization"],"confidence":0.97,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2023q3","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-08T15:50:00.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-08T17:00:00.133Z","updated_at":"2026-10-08T17:00:00.133Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2024q2","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2024-06-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"Open robot-policy adaptation research progressed alongside a multi-year commercial humanoid logistics agreement, with bounded tasks distinct from general autonomy.","dependencies":[],"constraints":["availability scope","reliability and implementation limits"],"emerging_capabilities":["OpenVLA publishes a vision-language-action research model","GXO signs commercial Digit deployment agreement"],"underdeveloped_components":["generalization beyond the selected evidence"],"uncertainties":["Selected robot evaluations do not establish universal embodiment transfer or commercial autonomous deployment.","The contracted bounded tote-handling workflow does not establish general humanoid autonomy or industry-wide deployment."],"confidence":0.93,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2023q4","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-09T19:12:47.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-10T07:29:06.788Z","updated_at":"2026-10-10T07:29:06.788Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2024q3","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2024-09-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"Simulation, orchestration and teleoperation tooling supported humanoid development; announced training systems remained distinct from autonomous deployment.","dependencies":[],"constraints":["availability scope","reliability and implementation limits"],"emerging_capabilities":["NVIDIA introduces humanoid simulation and orchestration tooling"],"underdeveloped_components":["generalization beyond the selected evidence"],"uncertainties":["Training infrastructure and teleoperation do not establish autonomous humanoid production deployment."],"confidence":0.93,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2024q2","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-09T19:12:47.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-10T07:49:15.921Z","updated_at":"2026-10-10T07:49:15.921Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2024q4","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2024-12-31 23:59:59.000","summary":"Vision-language-action flow-model research expanded manipulation across embodiments, without proving general commercial robot autonomy.","dependencies":[],"constraints":["availability scope","reliability and implementation limits"],"emerging_capabilities":["Pi-zero publishes general robot-control research"],"underdeveloped_components":["generalization beyond the selected evidence"],"uncertainties":["Experimental cross-embodiment results are not general commercial autonomy; later weight releases and revised results are excluded."],"confidence":0.93,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2024q3","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-09T19:12:47.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-10T08:02:14.510Z","updated_at":"2026-10-10T08:02:14.510Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2025q1","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2025-03-31 23:59:59.000","summary":"Multimodal robot models and customizable humanoid resources broadened research access across embodiments without establishing universal commercial autonomy.","dependencies":[],"constraints":["availability scope","reliability and implementation limits"],"emerging_capabilities":["Gemini Robotics introduces VLA and embodied reasoning research","GR00T N1 releases customizable humanoid foundation model"],"underdeveloped_components":["generalization beyond the selected evidence"],"uncertainties":["Demonstrations and trusted access are not broad commercial robot autonomy.","Customizable research resources do not establish general-purpose humanoid deployment."],"confidence":0.93,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2024q4","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-09T19:12:47.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-10T08:11:02.816Z","updated_at":"2026-10-10T08:11:02.816Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2025q2","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2025-06-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"This period adds specific robotics evidence through Gemini Robotics On-Device is introduced. Maturity remains specific to the cited products and programs; this synthesis does not infer sector-wide adoption.","dependencies":[],"constraints":["Selected-access demonstrations do not prove general commercial deployment or cross-embodiment reliability."],"emerging_capabilities":["Gemini Robotics On-Device is introduced"],"underdeveloped_components":["Independent measurement of deployment scope and outcomes"],"uncertainties":["The referenced historical predecessor belongs to the reviewed chronology; the live history must be checked before ingestion."],"confidence":0.9,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2025q1","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-10T06:24:42.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-10T08:25:19.369Z","updated_at":"2026-10-10T08:25:19.369Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2025q3","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2025-09-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"This period adds specific robotics evidence through Gemini Robotics 1.5 introduces physical-agent planning. Maturity remains specific to the cited products and programs; this synthesis does not infer sector-wide adoption.","dependencies":[],"constraints":["API access to reasoning is distinct from unrestricted access to robot actuation models."],"emerging_capabilities":["Gemini Robotics 1.5 introduces physical-agent planning"],"underdeveloped_components":["Independent measurement of deployment scope and outcomes"],"uncertainties":["The referenced historical predecessor belongs to the reviewed chronology; the live history must be checked before ingestion."],"confidence":0.9,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2025q2","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-10T06:24:42.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-10T08:31:22.795Z","updated_at":"2026-10-10T08:31:22.795Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-20260930-initial","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2026-09-30 12:45:00.000","summary":"Physical and spatial AI are becoming more tightly connected to mainstream chip and AI strategy, with major investment flowing into systems that model and act in three-dimensional environments.","dependencies":["layer-models","layer-chips","layer-software","layer-research"],"constraints":["reliable world models","hardware integration","real-world safety"],"emerging_capabilities":["spatial foundation models","simulation-linked physical AI"],"underdeveloped_components":["broad real-world deployment evidence"],"uncertainties":["speed of translation from research to deployed robotics"],"confidence":0.88,"previous_snapshot_id":null,"mapping_mode":"contemporaneous","reconstructed_at":null,"created_at":"2026-09-30T12:54:32.492Z","updated_at":"2026-09-30T12:54:32.492Z"},{"id":"state-robotics-2026q3","layer_id":"layer-robotics","as_of":"2026-09-30 23:59:59.000","summary":"Whole-body robot demonstrations broaden embodiment evidence, while action-model access and commercial generality remain restricted.","dependencies":[],"constraints":["Demonstrated embodiments and bounded access do not establish general commercial humanoid autonomy."],"emerging_capabilities":["Gemini Robotics 2 extends whole-body robot control"],"underdeveloped_components":["Independent measurement of deployment scope and outcomes"],"uncertainties":["The referenced historical predecessor belongs to the reviewed chronology; the live history must be checked before ingestion."],"confidence":0.9,"previous_snapshot_id":"state-robotics-2025q3","mapping_mode":"retrospective","reconstructed_at":"2026-10-10T06:24:42.000Z","created_at":"2026-10-10T09:18:22.071Z","updated_at":"2026-10-10T09:18:22.071Z"}]}